The purpose of this paper is to investigate the position of rapeseed and soybean oils in OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern of Mazandaran province in two social and market conditions. For this purpose, the calibrated linear programming MODEL has been used to reduce environmental pollution based on data from the year 1396-97. The results of the market MODEL showed that the use of water, machinery and capital for production of crops in the province, in particular, oilseeds were more than needed and the same amounts of production could be obtained by using smaller amounts of these inputs. Gained. Also, given the limitations and available resources, soybean CULTIVATION should be reduced by 45% and canola CULTIVATION by 18% to achieve the OPTIMAL MODEL. The results of the social MODEL showed that the production of oilseeds in the province would only be possible with government support for the agricultural sector. The results suggest that instead of focusing on subsidies for fertilizers and chemical pesticides, other areas such as technical knowledge promotion, insurance, warehousing, transportation, commodity exchange, standardization, export, package Classify and grade these supports.

This study aimed at determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern of medicinal plant species using hybrid MODEL of AHP-TOPSIS (Analytic Hierarchy Process-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) in Qom province. First, among the various, diverse and priority criteria for determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern of medicinal plants, according to the ecological and economic conditions of the study area and with a survey of a number of experts familiar with medicinal plants, screening of criteria and options that were more important and effective in this regard, was done. Finally, six criteria including heat stress threshold, cold stress threshold, soil texture, water EC, water needs, and economic issues and 10 options including Thymus vulgaris, Matricaria chamomilla, Berberis vulgaris, Crocus sativus, Cuminum cyminum, Cichorium intybus, Sesamum indicum, Echium amoenum, Rosa damascena, and Mentha spicata were selected. At first, the weight of each criterion was determined by the paired comparisons with an incompatibility rate of 0. 02 using the AHP MODEL and Expert Choice software. Then the TOPSIS technique was used. The results showed that among the criteria for determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern of medicinal plants in Qom province, the highest and lowest weight belonged to the economic issues (cost-benefit) and the soil texture criteria, respectively. Also, C. sativus was the best among the options, and R. damascena, C. cyminum, and E. amoenum were placed in the next ranks. This study showed that the hybrid MODEL of AHP-TOPSIS can be used to evaluate and prioritize the options for determining the OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern of medicinal plants and use the strengths of both MODELs and cover their weaknesses.

Corn is one of the most important agricultural products that has a major contribution in supply of country's food needs. Corn is sensitive to water stress and under these conditions, its yield is reduced. Limited water resources in most parts of the country have caused farmers to not have enough water to meet the water needs of corn. Therefore, if a suitable tool is available to accurately determine the time and amount of irrigation, a suitable crop can be harvested with less water. Adequate knowledge of growth stages and water requirement of corn during the growing period can play an important role in preventing the loss of water resources and reduce stress and increase yield per unit area. According to research, the net irrigation water requirement of corn in the country is about 6852 m3/ha on average. The most sensitive stages of corn growth to water stress are flowering and grain formation. Implementing OPTIMAL management of water consumption in this product by using the method of constant or intermittent furrow irrigation method instead of the usual irrigation method, using drip irrigation tapes instead of traditional irrigation of stacked atmosphere. The use of seedling CULTIVATION, selection of early cultivars and cultivars that are in maximum compliance with the climatic conditions, quality and quantity of available water, the use of drought tolerant cultivars and change of planting arrangement is possible.

The purpose of this study is to investigate comparative advantages of corn in comparison with other competitor crops. To do so, Linear Programming, to 2004-2005 data related to classic index (DRC) in Kermanshah province was applied.Results showed that corn has comparative advantages in all regions of Kermanshah province while in OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern of 37.5 percentages of regions in existence of rotation and 50 percentages of regions in lack of rotation, corn acreage has been increased. In addition, comparing OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern resulted from linear programming MODELs with crops ranking based on comparative advantage indices indicated that, resources availability and limitations, tradable and non-tradable inputs costs and yield will lead to shift in production’s comparative advantage from one crop to another. Factors such as supporting policies and rotation might also have effects on comparative advantages and OPTIMAL cultivating pattern.

Lentinula edodes mushroom is the edible and medicinal mushroom. The flavor, pleasant odor and pharmaceutical attribute it has been noted. In different country experimental CULTIVATION of Lentinula edodes has been carried out using wood shavings with or without Coffee pulp, sugar cane bagasse, and straw from several cereals. The purpose of this study is investigation about OPTIMAL growth conditions of Lentinula edodes under laboratory conditions. The experiment designed based on taghuchi design by 8 different composts with 3 different woods on process of mycelium growth and compost weight increasing with 3 replicates. Results showed the compost that contains molasses, wheat straw and wheat bran had the most rate growth on the compost weight increasing and mycelium growth. Also the compost with just wood chips not have any nutrient material had shown the minimum result of mycelium growth. Analysis of data shows that the different types of woods have no significant effect on mycelium growth. However, molasses and wheat bran addition have significant effect on mycelium growth.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes CULTIVATION was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA MODEL, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of OPTIMAL limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the MODEL precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Limitation of Production Main resources such as water, allocation of this resources has a high importance. To province of surface and groundwater resources perish and also raise of farmers business prosperty, apply scenarios which based on CULTIVATION pattern mid water resource protection are necessary. In this situation select mehtod which can simulate several aims and guide menagers for select best method is very important. One of these methods is using of multiobjective metahuristic algorithns. In this study for determinate OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern on 2039, raise of farmers income and lessen groundwater headless in aqufer influenced climate change effects selected as fitness function. Also for reach to this aim used of multi objective particle swarm optimaization algorithm (MOPSO). for simulation of climate parameters used of BCM2 outputs MODEL under B1emission senarion. Results and discovers of this syudy showed that there is needful potentioals for reach to better sitution proportion now, as CULTIVATION pattern OPTIMAL values for plant and garden crops can moreover raise of total income saling crops, aids to lessen groundwater headless in aqufer. Results showed that Raise of area in crops such as saffron, jujube and barnerry as agriculture potentioal in CULTIVATION pattern moreover of lesson of groundwater headless can also obtain economic development. Also results showed maximum of average benefit per average cost all crops in minimum groundwater headless equal with 3. 86. also value of groundwater headloss in this sitution equal with 26. 9 centimeter per year.

Comparative advantage of corn in comparison with other competing crops was Investigated applying Linear Programming, to 2004-2005data related to classic index (DRC) in Khuzestan. Results showed that corn benefits from a comparative advantage in all cities of Khuzestan province with acreage having been increased in the CULTIVATION pattern of 37.5 % of the cities. In addition, comparing OPTIMAL CULTIVATION pattern as resulted from linear programming MODELs with crop ratings, based on comparative advantage indices indicated that restrictions, availability of resources, variable cost of tradable and non-tradable inputs as well as yield will lead to comparative advantage in production shift from one crop to another. Such factors such as supporting policies, rotation, resource constraint and exchange rate might also have their own effects on comparative advantage combination and on optimum cultivating quantity.

Purpose: The science of interpretation, as the most important science responsible for understanding the Qur'an, needs to be methodized and updated so that the teachings of the Qur'an can be used easily for all classes of people. In the present study, the meaning of "future research in interpretation" is the ability to create desirable MODELs for more efficient interpretation in the future, by using scientific tools, creativity and relying on the foundations and rules of interpretation and compensating the damages of interpretation in the past.Method: This research, with descriptive analytical method, answers the question, what are the fields and requirements of future research in interpretation? Findings: The results of the current research are based on the fact that special attention to the Qur'an, as the most important source of interpretation, rationality and methodical consideration in interpretation, attention to the prerequisites of interpretation, interpretation based on the requirements of the time, the need to pay attention to thematic interpretation, studying on the history of interpretation and observing the manners and conditions of interpretation are one of the most important requirements of interpretation in the future. Results: Considering the developments that will take place in the field of knowledge, methods and expectations from science in the future, the interpretation will also change. For this reason, in order not to cause various damages to the interpretation of the Qur'an, it is necessary to pay attention to the various contexts, principles and requirements of the interpretation of the Qur'anic commentators and scholars.

In this paper important quantitative and qualitative indices for determining CULTIVATION pattern of different varieties of rice including Khazar, Binaam, Tarom as well as 10 basic indices of rice farming have been considered. To do this, the opinion and experience of both farmers and experts have been used. The indices are scaled (weighted) through Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process in-Extent Analysis Method (EA) of Chang- in which the numbers used are Fuzzy triangular. Ranking weights entered linear programming MODEL in order to get the best CULTIVATION pattern of city paddies Babolsar in 1390. The main constraints were land, labor, capital, water, chemical fertilizer, tractor and pesticide. The results of LP MODEL suggest CULTIVATION of both Binaam (10200 hectare) and Tarom varieties (4200 hectare) while the mixture of Fuzzy analytic hierarchy and linear programming MODEL recommends the CULTIVATION of Khazar -10200 hectare-instead of Binaam variety besides Tarom variety in CULTIVATION pattern which has higher benefit.